Specifications of Bus
| Name | Version | Voltage(s) | Encode | Channel(s) /way | Efficiency /Freq. | Frequency (Baud rate) | n- duplex | Estimated Latency(1B) | note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDRAM | SDR | 3.3V | 64 | 1 | 66/100/133MHz | Half | 8 | Single Data Rate | |
| DDR SDRAM | DDR1 | 2.5V | 64 | 2 | 100-200MHz | Half | 16 | Double Data Rate‡ | |
| DDR SDRAM | DDR2 | 1.8V | 64 | 2 | 100-266MHz | Half | 16 | ||
| DDR SDRAM | DDR3 | 1.5V | 64 | 2 | 100-266MHz | Half | 16 | ||
| DDR SDRAM | DDR4 | 1.2V | 64 | 2 | 200-400MHz | Half | 16 | Rambus' patent P2P protocol† | |
| SD Card | Default | 3.3V | 1 | 12.5MB/s | Half | ? | SanDisk | ||
| SD Card | High Speed | 3.3V | 1 | 25MB/s | Half | ? | |||
| SD Card | Ultra High Speed 1 | 1.8V | 1 | 104MB/s | Half | ? | |||
| SD Card | Ultra High Speed 2 | 0.4V | 1 | 156MB/s | Full | ? | Suspicious of EMI | ||
| PCI | 1.0 | 5V | 32 | 1 | 33MHz | Half | 4 | ||
| PCI | 2.0 | 3.3V | 32 | 1 | 33/66MHz | Half | 4 | ||
| PCI-X | 2.1 | 3.3V | 64 | 1 | 66/133MHz | Half | 8 | ||
| PCI Express | 1.1 | 0.8V | NRZ 8b/10b | 1 | 0.8 | 2.5GT/s | Full | 10 | T=Transaction |
| PCI Express | 2.0 | NRZ 8b/10b | 1 | 0.8 | 5.0GT/s | Full | 10 | ||
| PCI Express | 3.0 | NRZ 128b/130b | 1 | 0.985 | 8.0GT/s | Full | 130 | ||
| PCI Express | 4.0 | NRZ 128b/130b | 1 | 0.985 | 16.0GT/s | Full | 130 | ||
| PCI Express | 5.0 | NRZ 128b/130b | 1 | 0.985 | 32.0GT/s | Full | 130 | ||
| PCI Express | 6.0 | PAM-4(ECC) 242B/256B | 2 | 0.945 | 32.0GT/s | Half | 2048 | Parallel | |
| PCI Express | 7.0 | PAM-4(ECC) 242B/256B | 2 | 0.945 | 64.0GT/s | Half | 2048 | Parallel | |
| SerialATA | 1.0a | 1.5V | 8b/10b | 1 | 0.8 | 1.5GHz | Half | 10 | Tx and Rx pins are assigned but are not twisted so Half-duplex |
| SerialATA | 2.0 | 1.0V | 8b/10b | 1 | 0.8 | 3.0GHz | Half | 10 | introduced NCQ |
| SerialATA | 3.0 | 0.5V | 8b/10b | 1 | 0.8 | 6.0GHz | Half | 10 | Backward compat. |
| USB | 1.1 | 3.3V | NRZI | 1 | 1.5Mbit/s | Half | 8 | Low Speed | |
| USB | 1.1 | 3.3V | NRZI | 1 | 12Mbit/s | Half | 8 | Full Speed | |
| USB | 2.0 | 3.3V | NRZI | 1 | 480Mbit/s | Half | 8 | High Speed | |
| USB | 3Gen1 | 0.8V | 8b/10b | 1 | 5Gbit/s | Full | 10 | Super Speed | |
| USB | 3Gen2 | 128b/130b | 1 | 10Gbit/s | Full | 130 | Super Speed | ||
| USB | 4Gen2 | 64b/66b | 1 | 10Gbit/s | Full | 66 | Super Speed | ||
| USB | 4Gen3 | 128b/130b | 1 | 20Gbit/s | Full | 130 | Super Speed | ||
| Lightning | 2.0 | 3.3V | scrambled | 1 or 2 | ? | 480Mbit/s | Half | 8 | Apple's patent |
| Lightning | 3Gen1 | 0.8V | scrambled | 1 | ? | 5Gbit/s | Full | 10 | Apple's patent |
| FireWire iLink | IEEE1394.a | +0.5V/-0.5V | Data/Strobe encode(NRZ + NRZ XOR clock) | 1 | 100Mbit/s 200Mbit/s 400Mbit/s | Half | 8 | 4pin/6pin | |
| FireWire | IEEE1394.b | +0.5V/-0.5V | 8b/10b | 1 | 800Mbit/s | Full | 10 | 9pin | |
| Thunderbolt | 3 | 0.8V | 64b/66b | 2 | 0.97 | 8GT/s | Full | 66 | PCIe3x2 type-C |
| Thunderbolt | 4 | 0.8V | 64b/66b | 4 | 0.97 | 8GT/s | Half | 66 | PCIe3x4 type-C |
| Ethernet | 10BaseT | +2.5V,-2.5V | Phase Encoding | 1 | 1 | 10MHz | Full | 8 | Manchester Encoding |
| Ethernet | 100BaseTX | +1V,0V,-1V | 4b/5b MLT-3 | 1 | 0.8 | 31.25MHz | Full | 10 | 25Mbit/sec |
| Ethernet | 1000BaseT | +1V,+0.5V,0V, -0.5V,-1V | 4D-PAM5 | 4 | 8 | 31.25MHz | Half | 64 | Sync. problem 25Mbit/sec |
| Wireless LAN | IEEE802.11b | OFDM | multiple | carrier=2.4GHz | Half | variable | Usable band is limited by the laws of the country. | ||
| Bluetooth | 1.0 | GFSK | 1 | 1 | band=1MHz carrier=2.4GHz | Half | 8 | Basic Rate* | |
| Bluetooth | 2.0 | π/4-DQPSK | 1 | 2 | band=1MHz carrier=2.4GHz | Half | 8 | Enhanced Data Rate* | |
| Bluetooth | 3.0 | 8-DPSK | 1 | 3 | band=1MHz carrier=2.4GHz | Half | 8 | Enhanced Data Rate3* |
‡ DDR is Phase-coded thus trivial; same in SDR. † Data Bus can be reduced to min. 16bit(Single-chip).
* Every Bluetooth node is Frequency-Hopping and driven by Time-Division.
For network system(includes IEEE1394(the window for each device to Isochronous Transfer is not defined),
Thunderbolt(no master), LAN(STP) and Bluetooth(piconet&scatternet)) can not determine an arbitrator
because they are not weighted-graph. For Bluetooth, only 1-way broadcast such as LE is possible.
Each device to send signal must wait for their window, Only isochronous transfer and interrupt transfer are allowed(deterministic).→Damb Hub(Repeater)